How investors divide money among stocks, bonds and cash, what time horizon and risk tolerance mean, and how rebalancing keeps a portfolio near its intended mix.
What diversification means, how it works across and within asset classes, what it cannot do, and how to check whether a set of funds is really diversified.
What an emergency fund is, how people decide on an amount, where the money is commonly kept, and how a cash reserve relates to retirement accounts and debt.
How mutual fund and ETF costs work: the expense ratio, sales loads, 12b-1 fees and share classes, where each is disclosed, and how to compare funds on cost.
The main ways financial professionals are compensated, from commissions to asset-based and flat fees, the conflicts each can create, and where pay is disclosed.
How index funds and actively managed funds are built and run, why their costs tend to differ, the risks specific to each, and what to read before choosing either.
How target-date funds shift from stocks toward bonds over time, what a glide path is, why funds with the same year can differ, and what to check before using one.
What fiduciary duty means, how it applies to investment advisers and retirement plan fiduciaries, and how the standard for broker recommendations compares.